FILE 87 / 26 September 2018 / 152 MIN / full

A Bloody Mess

Nitro, West VirginiaListen

The town

N ↑Public placePublic placePublic placeTown centre (approximate places)
Static locations; no street basemap. Places and details. OpenFreeMap © OpenMapTiles Data from OpenStreetMap.

James says they are going to Nitro, West Virginia, about 20 minutes outside Charleston, half in Kanawha County and half in Putnam County, zip code 25143. about 0:05:55

History, in brief

1914

Shortly after the US entered World War I, around 1914 to 1915 as James puts it, America had a shortage of gunpowder production.

about 0:09:09

1917

Congress held an emergency session and passed the Deficiency Appropriations Act in 1917, providing for three huge explosives plants capable of producing 500,000 pounds of gunpowder per day.

about 0:10:04

Town note

The War Department sent engineers into a ten-state area to find sites, looking for security from coastal attack, climate, rail and water transport and raw materials; one site was Charleston, West Virginia, and three months later Nitro was chosen. Plants planned for Nashville and Louisville were not built.

about 0:10:41
All 19 history facts

1914

Shortly after the US entered World War I, around 1914 to 1915 as James puts it, America had a shortage of gunpowder production.

about 0:09:09

1917

Congress held an emergency session and passed the Deficiency Appropriations Act in 1917, providing for three huge explosives plants capable of producing 500,000 pounds of gunpowder per day.

about 0:10:04

Town note

The War Department sent engineers into a ten-state area to find sites, looking for security from coastal attack, climate, rail and water transport and raw materials; one site was Charleston, West Virginia, and three months later Nitro was chosen. Plants planned for Nashville and Louisville were not built.

about 0:10:41

Town note

Instead the Charleston and Nitro plants had production raised to 700,000 pounds per day each.

about 0:11:36

Town note

The name Nitro came from nitrocellulose, the type of gunpowder to be produced, chosen from the ordnance department; the other contender was Redwap, which is powder spelled backwards.

about 0:12:18

Town note

Workers came from every state in the Union and forty-one nationalities; the plant was built in eleven months, turning 772 acres of pastures and cornfields into a munitions plant.

about 0:14:03

1918

By the end of the war in 1918 the complex, known as Explosive Plant C, was producing 350 tons of smokeless gunpowder per day; the town was 90% complete with about 24,000 people, with houses, utilities, schools, police, fire and a hospital.

about 0:14:37

Town note

Within two weeks of the war ending, 12,000 people left town, half the population.

about 0:15:41

Town note

Production halted and the Hercules Powder Company was ordered to put the plant in mothballs; the director of Explosive Plant C turned the operation over to the ordnance department and the government declared the reservation surplus and began disposing of the property.

about 0:16:22

Town note

The town is known as a living memorial to World War I.

about 0:17:42

Town note

The area is known as Chemical Valley and at its peak in the late 1950s and early 1960s was the world's leading producer of chemicals.

about 0:19:35

1983

A 12-acre site, the former World War I chemical munitions plant, was placed on the EPA's national priorities list in 1983.

about 0:20:54

Town note

The town is known for a distinctive chemical smell, especially around the I-64 bridge, reduced by a shift away from manufacturing over the last 20 to 30 years.

about 0:21:19

2012

In February 2012 Monsanto agreed to settle a case over dioxin contamination around its Nitro plant that made Agent Orange, agreeing to pay up to nine million dollars for clean-up of affected homes and eighty-four million dollars for medical monitoring and the community's legal fees.

about 0:21:51

2001

According to the town's Wikipedia page, in 2001 Clonaid operated a lab in Nitro tied to the Raelians, in a rented room in the former high school; James doubts it is true.

about 0:22:56

1926

Major league baseball player Lou Bordet was born in Nitro in 1926; country singer Kathy Mattea went to Nitro High; Clark Gable and a future Hall of Fame baseball player worked at Explosive Plant C in 1918.

about 0:23:50

Town note

The town motto is 'A historic past, an exciting future'; zip code 25143, area codes 304 and 681, 4.67 square miles.

about 0:07:55

Town note

Each May Nitro holds an annual All Horse Parade that honours women and horses who have served in the US military.

about 0:31:02

The figures, as told

Religious

37%

Biggest faith: Jewish, 0.02%

about 0:26:39

Who lives here

White 97.46% · Black 0.55% · Asian 0.13% · Hispanic 0.34%

Ethnicity can overlap race.

Crime / national average

Property crime
▲ about 10 to 15% above average

about 0:32:48

Violent crime
▼ less than half the national average

about 0:32:48

Money

Two-bedroom rentabout $750
Median household incomeabout forty-five thousand dollars
Cost of livingabout 80

For sale

$54,900

Listing: three-bedroom, two-bath, 1,376 square foot house

about 0:29:51

For sale

$109,900

Listing: three-bedroom, two-and-a-half-bath, 1,896 square foot house

about 0:30:09

For sale

$895,000

Listing: five-bedroom, seven-bath, 6,800 square foot brick house

about 0:30:39
All figures and comparisons, as told in 2018

Population

"6,763, down 1% since 1990"

Direction: below.

As told in 2018 about 0:25:11

Median age

"44 years"

Comparison: "37 years is normal". No direction stated.

As told in 2018 about 0:25:21

Female share of population

"56%"

Comparison: "way out of whack for a town". No direction stated.

As told in 2018 about 0:25:34

Married

"about 50-50"

Comparison: "on point with normal". No direction stated.

As told in 2018 about 0:25:46

Divorced

"20% of the population"

Comparison: "about 10% normally". No direction stated.

As told in 2018 about 0:25:52

White

"97.46%"

Comparison: "about 63% is the norm". No direction stated.

As told in 2018 about 0:26:01

Asian

"0.13%"

Comparison: "4.95% in the country". No direction stated.

As told in 2018 about 0:26:15

Hispanic

"0.34%"

Comparison: "normally about 17%". No direction stated.

As told in 2018 about 0:26:29

Republican vote in last election

"about 55%"

Comparison: "West Virginia normally skews even more Republican". No direction stated.

As told in 2018 about 0:27:25

Democrat vote in last election

"about 43%"

No direction stated.

As told in 2018 about 0:27:25

Unemployment rate

"about 5.3%"

Comparison: "right on par with normal". No direction stated.

As told in 2018 about 0:27:37

Jobs in mining and quarrying

"two percent"

Comparison: "normally barely any". No direction stated.

As told in 2018 about 0:27:55

Religious

"37%"

Comparison: "lower than James would expect". Direction: below.

As told in 2018 about 0:26:39

Baptist and other Christian faiths

"a lot of Baptists and other Christian faiths, not a lot of Catholics"

No direction stated.

As told in 2018 about 0:26:46

Median household income

"about forty-five thousand dollars"

Comparison: "usually about fifty-four thousand in the country". No direction stated.

As told in 2018 about 0:27:43

Overall cost of living index

"about 80"

Comparison: "100 is average". Direction: below.

As told in 2018 about 0:29:00

Average home price

"$82,700"

Comparison: "216 is the regular in the country". No direction stated.

As told in 2018 about 0:29:07

Typical house price range

"a lot of houses in the 60 to 150 thousand range, not a lot over 400 thousand"

Direction: above.

As told in 2018 about 0:29:14

Average two-bedroom rent

"about $750"

Comparison: "about 400 less than the national average". Direction: below.

As told in 2018 about 0:29:40

Listing: three-bedroom, two-bath, 1,376 square foot house

"$54,900"

No direction stated.

As told in 2018 about 0:29:51

Listing: three-bedroom, two-and-a-half-bath, 1,896 square foot house

"$109,900"

No direction stated.

As told in 2018 about 0:30:09

Listing: five-bedroom, seven-bath, 6,800 square foot brick house

"$895,000"

No direction stated.

As told in 2018 about 0:30:39

Property crime

"about 10 to 15% above average"

Comparison: "national average". Direction: above.

As told in 2018 about 0:32:48

Violent crime (murder, rape, robbery, assault)

"less than half the national average"

Comparison: "national average". Direction: below.

As told in 2018 about 0:32:48

The reviews

No rated reviews

No reviews recorded.

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The story

Nitro, West Virginia, is a small town of about 6,800 people on the Kanawha River, about twenty minutes from Charleston and split between Kanawha and Putnam counties. It was built in 1917 and 1918 as a government gunpowder town after the United States entered the First World War and Congress passed the Deficiency Appropriations Act. The plant, Explosive Plant C, was raised in eleven months on 772 acres of farmland, drew workers from every state and forty-one nationalities, and was producing 350 tons of smokeless gunpowder a day by the end of the war, when the town held about 24,000 people. The name comes from nitrocellulose. When the war ended 12,000 people left within two weeks and the government declared the site surplus. The area later became Chemical Valley, the world's leading chemical producer in the late 1950s and early 1960s, with a 12-acre site on the EPA priorities list in 1983 and a 2012 Monsanto settlement over dioxin contamination from Agent Orange manufacture. Today the town is 97.46% white, has a median age of 44, a median household income of about forty-five thousand dollars, an average home price of $82,700, and violent crime under half the national average.

The story begins at 4.30 a.m. on 19 November 1966, when the Nitro police received an anonymous call about a body near Nitro High School. Policemen Charles Sisk and Sergeant Johnson found a young girl doubled up with some clothing missing, covered in stab wounds. The pathologist counted forty-six, all inflicted in a short burst, and said two or three deep wounds to the chest and back, near the heart and lungs, killed her. A hunting knife was found stuck in the ground about eight feet from the body and its sheath about ten feet beyond that. She was identified later that morning by her grandfather and relatives as twelve-year-old Francis K. Voils, tall for her age at about 135 pounds.

Mayor Wayne W. Alexander and police captain Clarence Palmer came to the scene, and the mayor called the county coroner and the state police. At the house he found blood on the sidewalk, door frame, walls, floor, window sills and furniture, a recently cleaned floor, green cleanser residue, and the rugs, curtains and slip covers gone. His father handed the mayor the house key and the mayor locked the house. Clothing, a sock and a Charleston Gazette dated 18 November were found in the backwater behind the house, and bloodstained curtains were found on Strawberry Road near Coal River.

He got home about 2 a.m. and, according to what he told others, saw Francis slap his daughter over a magazine and stabbed her forty-six times with his hunting knife in front of his children. He put her in the car trunk and left her at the high school, cleaned the house, threw items into the backwater and along Coal River Road, and about 3.30 a.m. woke fellow Monsanto worker Arnold Summers, telling him he had been attacked by five men, may have killed one and cut a girl. He bathed there and left his children with the Summers family. Elky came home about three o'clock and found the babysitter gone but her shoes still there.

A state police lieutenant said hair and blood matched Francis's type but the science was inexact.

The West Virginia Supreme Court affirmed in 1969. Defence attorney changes delayed the retrial, set for 19 October 1979, until 2 February 1981 with a changed venue. Francis, born 28 March 1954, is buried at Spring Hill cemetery in Charleston.

The case

Murder of Francis K. Voils

Victims

Francis K. Voils (also given as Voyles) (12). babysitter for the children, tall for her age at about 135 pounds, born March 28, 1954, buried at Spring Hill cemetery, Charleston

Accused and outcomes

As told in the episode, on 26 September 2018.

Accused

Outcome

Other people

Arnold Summers. fellow Monsanto employee visited around 3:30 a.m. with a story of a fight
Mayor Wayne W. Alexander. Nitro mayor who went to the scene, questioned and took the house key
Clarence A. Palmer. captain of the Nitro police, obtained a search warrant for house and car
Charles Sisk and Sergeant Johnson. Nitro policemen who received the report and found the body
Trooper Charles L. Hughes. state trooper who noticed a fresh cut on hand and found blood pooled in the floor furnace
Wayne Rumbaugh. Nitro patrolman who saw the blood and searched the car
Veta Christine Lovejoy. friend of Elky who was at the home that morning and testified
Mona Eggleston. neighbour who minded the children and saw blood and missing slip covers and rugs
Dr Richard M. Kitching. defence psychiatrist who said did not know right from wrong
D. P. Peters (or Rogers). defence psychologist who found insecure with sadistic tendencies
Dr Thomas Knapp and Dr William Rossman. court-ordered examiners who testified knew right from wrong
Clarence Watts. attorney first asked for, then declined

The timeline

  1. 1944 is bornabout 2:21:54
  2. March 28th, 1954 Francis K. Voils is bornabout 2:22:18
  3. February of 1959 , aged 14, and five other high school students are in trouble for phoning in false bomb threats (Nitro)about 0:48:56
  4. October of 1966 buys a hunting knife at a hardware store while Dallas waits in the car (hardware store)about 1:56:23
  5. the night of November 18th, 1966, 10.40 p.m. finishes his shift at the Monsanto plant and goes home, where Francis is babysitting his two children (Monsanto plant)about 0:50:07
  6. about 11 p.m., November 18th leaves with Jackie Lee Halstead and they drink and dance at Ned's bar (Ned's bar)about 0:56:04
  7. midnight to 12.45 a.m. They eat at Shoney's in St. Albans (Shoney's, St. Albans)about 0:56:08
  8. about 1.05 a.m., November 19th drops Halstead at his homeabout 0:56:33
  9. about 2 a.m., November 19th gets home, Francis slaps his daughter over a magazine, and he stabs her 46 times with his hunting knife in front of his children ( house)about 0:56:36
  10. the early hours of November 19th puts Francis in the car trunk and dumps her body on the Nitro High School grounds (Nitro High School grounds)about 1:01:27

Places and phrases

N ↑Public placePublic placePublic placeTown centre (approximate places)
Static locations; no street basemap. Places and details. OpenFreeMap © OpenMapTiles Data from OpenStreetMap.

Places in the story

Public places are marked on the map.

Heard in this episode